One of the ways to do this was to award them with a medal for their efforts. Bundesgesetzblatt (BGBl) I, 1957, S. 844, 6) in accordance with the succeeding Law on Titles, Orders and Honours of the Federal Republic of Germany (Gesetz ber Titel, Orden und Ehrenzeichen). The Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter, translated as the Cross of Honour of the German Mother, or as it more informally known, the Mothers Cross, was instituted by statutory order on 16 December, 1938 by Adolf Hitler. Some presentation ceremonies were also recorded filmed events chronicled by the Die Deutsche Wochenschau (The German Weekly Newsreel). (2) 1st Class Gold Cross of Honor of the German Mother with mini lapel pin and original box. [12], The cross design is a slender elongated form of the Iron Cross or cross patte and very similar in design to the Marian Cross of the Teutonic Order (Marianerkreuz des Deutschen Ritterordens), enamelled translucent-blue with a slim opaque-white border. [4], After the end of Nazi Germany in 1945, the Mother's Cross was occasionally referred to as the Mtterverdienstkreuz (Mother's Cross of Merit). The mother was indeed "worthy" of the decoration (I.e. They have done a good job. The decoration, which was intended to encourage women to bear more children, was considered to be the most significant award that could be conferred upon a woman. The gold award was given to mothers of eight or more children. [7] A recipient mother who could not attend her official invitation to a local public presentation ceremony received her decoration delivered through the postal service. Cross of Honor of the German Mother, 2nd model . 717, Mothers Cross presentations by a, Bundesministerium der Justiz (Federal Ministry of Justice), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross_of_Honour_of_the_German_Mother&oldid=1123384201, "exceptional merit to the German nation" (to Reichsdeutsche and Volksdeutsche mothers who exhibited probity, exemplary motherhood, and who conceived and raised four or more children in the role of a parent), Reichsdeutsche mothers eligibility later extended to include Volksdeutsche mothers, 1st class, Gold Cross: eligible mothers with eight or more children, 2nd class, Silver Cross: eligible mothers with six or seven children, 3rd class, Bronze Cross: eligible mothers with four or five children, a) that both parents of the children were. You can find them under the description of the product, in "Accessories". 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Award in the form of a Christian cross with outward fluted arms in semi-translucent blue enamel with white enamel border. [24], Exact total decorations bestowed throughout its existence are no longer traceable through the limited official records that survived the Second World War, the central application archives held at the Prsidialkanzlei (Presidential Chancellery) in Berlin were lost or otherwise destroyed by closing war events; however, it is estimated that up until September 1941 there were a total of 4.7 million recipient mothers honoured with the Mother's Cross decoration. Media in category "Cross of Honor of the German Mother". Only women of German origin qualified for this award which was given annually on the second Sunday in May (Mothers Day). Also please note that the ribbon does have some wear and staining. German Iron Cross 1st & 2nd Class Maker Marks (EK1 & EK2). Much like with all the other awards, mothers also had to meet many other criteria. The dark blue colour of the cross matches the other two awards. Cross of Honour of the German Mother, in Gold. We love to show items for sale from all around the world, so grabthechance toput your item in front of thousands of potential buyers worldwide. The case also has a golden Mothers Cross outline on the front. Dezember 1938. Sighted public exhibits of government-issued deeds' of conferral (, The Internet Archive, Short Format Films , Last edited on 23 November 2022, at 12:44, "Die deutsche Frau und ihre Rolle im Nationalsozialismus (English: The German woman and her role in National Socialism)", Die Deutsche Wochenschau (The German Weekly Newsreel), Archive 31 May 1944 Film No. Washington, DC 20024-2126 Don't forget, 100 Years of the RAF, a commemorative bookazine celebrating 100 years since the formation of the RAF, is now on sale. [13] A maker's mark was never applied to the crosses produced; though each official house of manufacture did apply their name to the dark-blue presentation case (inside cover) for the 1st Class Gold Cross and the presentation sachets (reverse side) for each of the 2nd and 3rd Class Cross. The Decorations of Honour of the Bundeswehr (German: Ehrenzeichen der Bundeswehr) are a series of military decorations of the Bundeswehr, the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany.These honours and awards were introduced in 1980 on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Bundeswehr by then Minister of Defence Hans Apel and subsequently approved by President of the Federal . All rights reserved. two piece, stamped tombac award with a bronze wash and blue and white enamel work. [7][8][12][18] In a further extract from the official application screening protocol,[12] the local mayor's office was also encouraged, if his office was recommending a mother, to consider whether the mother in question, who has gifted her children life, has borne children likely to bear sacrifices in the interest of preserving the German nation, or whether the children posed a burden and peril to the future of the German nation, and the children perhaps should have better remained unborn. (2) German Officer Cap Badges. Collecting is about community and enjoyment. So Much Godo Stuff In a Small PlaceSome amazing artifacts! The first Model features a reverse inscription with a facsimile of Hitler's signature and an additional inscription reading, "DAS KIND ADELT DIE MUTTER," which translates to, "The child ennobles the mother." The first public presentation ceremonies, following the inception of the Mother's Cross in December 1938, were held on Mother's Day 21 May 1939[22] across Germany. The award was officially designated, Honor Cross of the German Mother, and was instituted in three grades to recognize and reward child bearing German females. [13], The decoration was worn around the neck on its accompanying narrow blue and white ribbon[2] of about 6070cm in length. The gold award was given to mothers of eight or more children. Find out everything you need to know about our main Holocaust exhibition to plan for your visit. Great prices in gift shop. [10] So despite its institution in 1938, the first awards were rendered in May 1939. Literally thousands of items to see. Both the mother and her husband needed to be of pure German bloodline, leading up to their own grandparents. Silver Cross for mothers with six or seven children No work on your part required at all. Company Registered in England no. Learn about over 1,000 camps and ghettos in Volumes I-III of this encyclopedia, which are available as a free PDF download. [15] Other formats made available by those manufacturers to recipients of the honour, such as brooches, were simply unofficial merchandising embellishments. Original German Mothers Cross Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter In Bronze. Only women of German origin qualified for this award which was given annually on the second Sunday in May (Mother's Day). Awesome Museum!I never thought so much could be packed into a small space but they made it happen! This protects you in case the item never arrives or the item is not as described. If you have any questions please feel free to ask. In recognition of the substantial importance a woman's role and motherhood was in support of a strong Germany,[4][7][8][9] the Cross of Honour of the German Mother was introduced by decree in Berlin on 16 December 1938 by Fhrer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor) Adolf Hitler. The Holocaust Encyclopedia provides an overview of the Holocaust using text, photographs, maps, artifacts, and personal histories. No other format of wear or placement was permitted. A must visit!! Having a child with genetic conditions or other disabilities would have meant the whole family itself came under scrutiny. You could spend hours in there. The Vlkischer Beobachter (People's Observer) national newspaper (1938 Issue No. [7][8][9], A recommendation presented collectively at the beginning of each month to the Prsidialkanzlei der Ordenskanzlei[3] (Presidential Chancellery of the Chancellery of Honours) in Berlin for the Mother's Cross honour, could only be instigated by the local mayor's office, or on application from the Ortsgruppenleiter (local political party leader) of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), or the Kreiswart des Reichsbund der Kinderreichen (District Warden of the Reichs Union of Children-rich families).[3]. The first Model of the decoration is very rare. What a cool collection!! World Military Collectables in the UK has this lovely, boxed example for sale for 95. Love the museumJust stop by today! The back dated with the date of implementation "16 Dezember 1938". Open to the public for free but donations are welcomed. [15] The wearing of the blue-white ribbon bow alone, without the miniature cross attached, was also authorized for the same purpose. German Third Reich. The medal was . All Rights Reserved. The cross is in blue enamel with white enamel edges. Please see our other items. (1) German Police Badge. Three of Adolfs siblings died as children and even his mother, who he doted on, died when he was just 18. The Cross of Honour of the German Mother Images It was Adolf Hitler's joint experiences of witnessing the manpower losses on the Western Front in WWI and deaths in his immediate family that were the behind a desire to encourage German mothers to have large families. The decoration was conferred from 1939 until 1945[5] in three classes: bronze, silver, and gold,[2][6] to Reichsdeutsche mothers who exhibited probity, exemplary motherhood, and who conceived and raised at least four or more children in the role of a parent. The crosses were awarded to 'honour German mothers for their services to the German people' and formed part of a propaganda campaign to promote large families, thereby increasing the population of the Third Reich. [1] The preamble of the statutory decree declared: The crosses were awarded annually on the second Sunday in May (Mothering Sunday or Mother's Day), but also extended to include other national annual occasions of celebration. Dezember 1938. A second pattern, two piece, die stamped tombak award with a fire gilted finish and blue and white enamel work. Loved it. The benefits of being given the award included preferential treatment in shops and using public service, respect in society and being assigned help from the local government, in the form of a nurse or nominated individual, in the morning, to help with the children. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Designs were drawn up for a Mothers Cross in gold with diamonds set into the central swastika, to reward mothers of 12 or 16 children, but these were never awarded or produced. Physical Description:Medal in cross form on blue and white ribbon. Gold award, 16 December 1938 and Hitler's signature are engraved on the back. The enamel on the medal is undamaged and the makers mark on the reverse of the award is L11. Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross 1939 - Without Long Service Wehrmacht Medal - 25 Years (Gold), Long Service Wehrmacht Medal - 18 Years (Silver), Long Service NSDAP Medal 1st Class - 25 Years (Gold), Long Service NSDAP Medal 2nd Class - 15 Years (Silver), Long Service NSDAP Medal 3rd Class - 10 Years (Bronze), German Olympic Medal of Honor 2nd Class - 1936, Long Service Police Award 1st Class - 25 Years, Long Service Police Award 2nd Class - 18 Years, Long Service RAD Medal 1st Class - 25 Years (Gold), Long Service RAD Medal 2nd/3rd Class - 18/12 Years (Silver), Long Service RAD Medal 4th Class - 4 Years (Bronze), Long Service SS Medal For 4 Years Service, Long Service SS Medal For 8 Years Service, Cross of the 5th Regiment Cossack Cavalry, Reich's Animal Protection Association Badge, Buckle - Hitlerjugend "Blut Und Ehre" For Officers. Customer Service: (800) 648-0808NOTE: Minimum Purchase $25. This reference provides text, photographs, charts, maps, and extensive indexes. A Miniature Mother's Cross; Gold Grade by Boerger & Co. Everything for sale on ima-usa.com is completely legal to own, trade, transport and sell within the United . She was further scrutinised to make sure she was of good standing; if she was deemed promiscuous, had an abortion, had an interracial relationship or cheated on her husband, these were all excluding factors. The medal was issued from 1939-1944 in three levels: first class, gold, for mothers with eight or more children; second class, silver, for six to seven children; third class, bronze for four to five children. If you have a social media and/or eBay account, feelfreeto include these in your e-mail aswell. The result was a civil award that recognised the contribution of German mothers to the nation. It was instituted on December 16, 1938, as part of Adolph Hitler's initiative to encourage the growth of the Aryan population. Model II features the institution date and a facsimile of Adolf Hitler's signature on the reverse. The Reading Room at the Shapell Center is open to the public, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. One of the coolest places we stopped. Seller does not accept returns. Mother's Cross) was an award of the Nazi Regime. Then, the mother had to be worthy of the award, which meant no genetic abnormalities, a reputable moral standing and no prior convictions. Family policy--Germany--History--20th century. The army, as well, would need those large families to provide a stream of new recruits. Latin bronze cross and blue, with a black enameled swastika withing a gilded ring inscribed "Der Deutschen Mutter" (The German Mother). Apart from the number of children, every nominee for a Mothers Cross no matter which class had to prove she was worthy of the award. It was awarded by the Nazi Party in Hitler's name, with his signature engraved on the back. Finally, all the children had to be live births, free from defects and that the parents were bringing them up to be respectful and devoted members of the State. Antrag auf Verleihung des Ehrenkreuzes fr kinderreiche Mtter, Organisation durch die NS-Volkswohlfahrt 19391944 (In English: Index (B Burg an der Wupper 16531975) RS 2.1.1.1., A. The Cross of Honour of the German Mother (German: Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter), referred to colloquially as the Mutterehrenkreuz (Mothers Cross of Honour) or simply Mutterkreuz (Mothers Cross), was a state decoration conferred by the government of the German Reich to honour a Reichsdeutsche German mother for exceptional merit to the German nation. Excellent condition with some storage age expected issues . The Cross of Honour of the German Mother ( German: Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter ), referred to colloquially as the Mutterehrenkreuz (Mother's Cross of Honour) or simply Mutterkreuz (Mother's Cross), was a state decoration conferred by the government of the German Reich [1] [2] to honour a Reichsdeutsche German mother for exceptional merit to This was issued to women with 4 or 5 children but only live births counted. Lots and lots of memorabilia on Gettysburg and the Civil War - but has other interesting things to see too! Search below to view digital records and find material that you can access at our library and at the Shapell Center. US $8.95Standard Shipping. Modell (16. Sede legale: via Vittorio Bottego 8, 50053 Empoli (FI) Indirizzo PEC: warmilitaria@pec.it Numero REA FI: 654602 Codice Fiscale: BRNSFN93R01A564L P.IVA: 06765920480. The award was established in three classes, Bronze, Silver, and Gold. [25], Deed of Conferral and identification documents, Eligibility, criteria and bureaucratic process, Stadtarchiv Solingen (In English: State Archives Solingen): Findbuch (B Burg an der Wupper 16531975) RS 2.1.1.1., A. Allgemeine Verwaltung, A.01. There was also a miniature version of each Cross, measuring 2cm, with a ribbon bow, designated for everyday wear only. Ehrenkreuz der deutschen Mutter [Cross of Honor of the German Mother] was a civilian award instituted following a December 16, 1938, decree by Adolph Hitler to encourage German women to bear more children. It's really great really unique place I've never seen any other place with memorabilia George and Martha Washington just to name a few things and it's free so you cannot be it with a stick hospitals going all the way back to ancient Egypt 3000 years ago. The Cross of Honor of the German Mother (a.k.a. Awarded to a Mother for having 1 to 2 children to support the war effort. [2][6] The cross design was the creation of the established Munich-based architect and sculptor Franz Berberich. Separate central circular field with white enamel base and black static swastika, encompassed by a circular border with embossed Latin script, Der Deutschen Mutter, (The German Mother). Each Thursday we compile a list of all the militaria shows and events happening over the weekend. | Condition: Very Good. Amazing gem of a find. Price: Sold out Product category: Sold items/Archives The Mothers Cross in Gold / The Cross of Honour of the German Mother. Eight or more children would entitle the woman to a gold cross, six or seven for silver, and four or five for bronze. 25) stated: "the holder of the Mother's Cross of Honour will in future enjoy all types of privileges that we by nature have accustomed to our nation's honoured comrades and our injured war veterans."[21]. The case was manufactured by Hans Gnad, and carries the insignia HANS GNAD. It was declared inconceivable and abhorrent to consider or recommend any mother of such a family background for the Mother's Cross honour. The award was officially designated, Honor Cross of the German Mother, and was instituted in three grades to recognize and reward child bearing German females. To start with, both parents had to be of pure German blood heritage and that their parents were not Jewish or from other foreign origins. Great collection of Civil War artifacts as well as some JFK and World War Two artifacts as well. It doesnt come with a ribbon, box or packet but it is a nice, clean example of the actual medal, which is rare to find these days. As it was intended to reward and promote motherhood it had both rigorous qualification criteria and also provided benefits to a mother so awarded. (Wehrmacht-Dienstauszeichnungen) Brought Home By A U.S. Hi, if English is not your native language please change it from the language menu. Special double issue of the illustrated German theater periodical, Die Buhne, for Empire Theater Week in Munich, Germany, in May 1936. Portrait of a large family from Saxony, Germany, Aug 1943; Mother with Cross of Honor of the German Mother, six sons in military service, and two sons in Hitler Youth. Haus, Ordensverleihungen, Nationalfeiern, 11. Not only were certain characteristics of the mother observed and eligibility studied thoroughly, but those too leading to the grandparents. [15], An optional semi-official approved miniature version of the Mother's Cross measuring about 2cm with reverse-side inscription, attached to a blue-white ribbon bow, was also produced in each of its three classes; it was authorized for purposes of general everyday wear only. We offer all three Mothers Cross awards complete with ribbon as follows: Desert Fox WW2 Africa Corps Service Patch, Civil Service Faithful Service Medal Germany. Great MuseumThis is a small museum that is packed with world class historical objects. Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J05118, Berlinerin mit Goldenem Mutterkreuz.jpg 568 800; 46 KB. III). 'Der Deutschen Mutter' embossed around black swastika on white circular background in centre of cross. [19][20] An annuity was also considered for a recipient mother of the decoration, but due to government budget constraints, this proved unworkable. Crosses could be withdrawn if officials decided a woman had become 'unworthy' for example by not raising her children in line with Nazi ideals. The Mothers Cross in Gold - Manufacturer: L. Bertsch. Your maximum bid should be the highest amount you're willing to pay for an item. The artifacts we found here were things not found in another museum. Many countries lost hundreds of thousands of men during WW1. So instead, many women chose to wear the miniature version of their medal. Cross of Honor of the German Mother [Ehrenkreuz der deutschen Mutter] 3rd class order, Bronze Cross, an award instituted following a December 16, 1938, decree by Adolph Hitler to encourage German women to bear more children. Members of the Hitler Youth organization were also instructed; a wearer of the Mother's Cross was to be honourably greeted (saluted) when encountered. II). Recipient were nominated by the Nazi Party or a government official and had to be of pure German origin and good character. Behind the shield and between the arms of the cross was a projection of rays. And the original ribbon that came with it was rather long, which made it quite impractical for the wearer, especially when looking after so many children! So, much like any other item from that period, these awards are also becoming rarer to find. Mothers were honored in three different classifications depending on the number of children they had borne. Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J06142, Verleihung des Ehrenkreuzes der deutschen Mutter.jpg 800 543; 53 KB. The award was officially designated, Honor Cross of the German Mother, and was instituted in three grades to recognize and reward child bearing German females. Best of all, it's free. Rev: 16. The Cross of Honour of the German Mother (German: Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter), referred to colloquially as the Mutterehrenkreuz (Mothers Cross of Honour) or simply Mutterkreuz (Mothers Cross), was a state decoration conferred by the government of the German Reich to honour a Reichsdeutsche German mother for exceptional merit to the German nation. Excellent ace for the Civil War enthusiast to visit. DEZEMBER 1938, Copyright 2023 Medalbook. Further Information [7][8][19] As one recount recalls "they were always given the best of everything: housing, food, clothing, and schooling for their children. The Holocaust Encyclopedia provides an overview of the Holocaust using text, photographs, maps, artifacts, and personal histories. Known as the Mutterkreuz (Mother's Cross), approximately three million medals were presented to German women. Learn about over 1,000 camps and ghettos in Volumes I-III of this encyclopedia, which are available as a free PDF download. We will tag yoursocial media account whenever your item is included in one of our posts so you can gain even more exposure. After having and raising 6 or 7 children, the mother was eligible for the Silver Class of this award. . 2021 eMedals Inc | Militaria & Historica | eMedals Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Cross of Honour of the German Mother was instituted on December 16, 1938, to recognise women who had given birth and successfully raised a large number of "racially pure" children. See details. Find out more about the the design of the cross, how to spot fakes and valuations inside the May 2018 issue of The Armourer. It was made by the maker Jakob Bengal and the award comes in its original packet and with its ribbon.This example comes in its packet. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 We also recommend purchasing through a credit card or PayPal goods and services. These women were deemed to be outstanding members of society and commanded respect. Ehrenkreuz der deutschen Mutter [Cross of Honor of the German Mother] was a civilian award instituted following a December 16, 1938, decree by Adolph Hitler to encourage German women to bear more children. It was awarded by the Nazi Party in Hitler's name, with his signature engraved on the back. There are things for sale as well. Holocaust Memorial Museum will help you learn more about the Holocaust and research your family history. [2][6] Resting on the centre radiant starburst rays is a metal roundel decorated with the words "DER DEUTSCHEN MUTTER" (in English: TO THE GERMAN MOTHER) around an enamelled black straight centred "swastika" symbol, infilled white enamel. Inc observes all Federal, State and local laws. The first crosses were presented in 1938 and the last in 1944, by which time approximately 4.7million had been awarded. Landeshoheitssachen, Kgl. This was because he decreed the introduction of the Mothers Cross on this date.The cross is in nice, clean condition.Close-up of the centre of the medalThe inscription on the back. [2][15], Accompanying the decoration was a deed of conferral (Besitzzeugnis[2] otherwise Verleihungsurkunde) sealed with the Hoheitszeichen des Deutschen Reiches (Great Seal of the German Reich)[16] and the facsimile signature of Adolf Hitler and facsimile countersignature of the Minister of State Otto Meissner, head of the Office of the President of Germany (Prsidialkanzlei). These additional online resources from the U.S. Image of the medal in gold printed on the front. The reverse features an engraved date of December 16, 1938, along with a facsimile signature of Germanys infamous Fuhrer. [7] Local government agencies such as the Social Welfare Agency (Wohlfahrtsamt), Public Health Department (Gesundheitsamt), Youth Welfare Agency (Jugendamt), Police (Polizei) and other government agencies were all consulted in the eligibility investigation process. The Cross of Honour of the German Mother was instituted on December 16, 1938, to recognise women who had given birth and successfully raised a large number of "racially pure" children. This again, looked exactly like the other variations, except for the colour being gold instead of silver or bronze. Why not take out a subscription, save money and have it delivered to your door. Original German Mother's Cross Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter In Bronze With Original Issue Envelope. Coins, memorabilia, money, artifacts,license plates, cigar labelsand tens of thousands more collectibles! At the butcher's shop, the best cuts of meat would go into their baskets. The front shows a four armed maltese cross with a swastika in the center and rays in the back ground. Queuing in shops and standing on a bus became a thing of the past. Three German Mother's Crosses; Gold, Silver & Bronze $176 View G18107 Add to Compare A German Mother's Cross; Bronze Grade with Packet $51 View G15185 Add to Compare A Bronze Grade Mother's Cross $65 View G7312 Add to Compare Mother's Cross Gold Grade $120 View G12863 Add to Compare Mother's Cross; Bronze Grade $65 View G7088 Add to Compare Imperial-(Reichs) Law Gazette (RGBl) Part I, 1938, No. [12][18] The conferral of the Mother's Cross was so highly regarded by the government in Berlin, that additional bureaucratic resources assigned to lesser civil and military decorations were pulled for the exhaustive administrative procedures that this decoration alone required. Cross of Honor of the German Mother [Ehrenkreuz der deutschen Mutter] 3rd class order, Bronze Cross, an award instituted following a December 16, 1938, decree by Adolph Hitler to encourage German women to bear more children. The precise requisites are unknown, but a photograph of this variant (seen on page 75 in the book Political and Civil Award of the Third Reich .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN0912138165) stated that it had been awarded to a Dresden woman who was the mother of sixteen children.

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